Israel's official version of events  (which is neglects the fact that Ben-Gurion declared independence and immediately launched an ethnic cleansing operation resulting in the PERMANENT EXPULSION of 750,000 to 1,000,000 Palestinian refugees who were DENIED the RIGHT to RETURN to their homes in Palestine--and were SHOT Dead if they attempted to do so!

***

1947: The international community says YES to the establishment of the State of Israel

SOURCE:LINK ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Re-birth of a [Zionist European-colonial Jewish Supremacist] nation

On 29 November, 1947, a 2000-year-old dream became reality: A Jewish State was born anew in its ancient homeland.

On that day the UN General Assembly voted on Resolution 181, adopting a plan to partition the British Mandate into two states, one Jewish, one Arab.

Having ruled the area since 1917, Great Britain announced in February 1947 its decision to terminate its Mandate. The Special Committee appointed by the General Assembly recommended the establishment of two separate states, a Jewish State and an Arab State, to be joined by economic union, with the Jerusalem-Bethlehem region as an enclave under international administration.

The borders of the proposed state were far from what the Jewish side had hoped for and left the Jewish population without access to key areas of national historic and religious significance. Nevertheless, the Jewish leadership responded positively to the international proposal, cognizant of the historic opportunity: this was the first time after 2000 years that the Jewish people had the chance to restore its sovereignty in its historical homeland. The Jewish leadership was also hopeful that the UN plan would help achieve a peaceful solution with the Arab world. 

Resolution 181 was adopted by the UN General Assembly on November 29, 1947, with 33 countries voting in favor, 13 countries against, and with 10 countries abstaining. The historic vote was followed with unparalleled excitement on radio by Jews around the world, while news of the positive outcome brought thousands onto the streets across the future state to dance and celebrate the great moment, as forth expressions of local Jewish population welcomed the vote and expressed their joy by going out to the streets.

Resolution 181 was emphatically rejected by the local Arab population and the Arab States. Denying the Jewish people's right to a state of their own, the Arab countries openly declared their intention of preventing the creation of the Jewish State by all means. A wave of violent attacks was launched against the Jewish population and when Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948, five Arab armies invaded the new state the same night, seeking its annihilation. Israel prevailed in what came to be known as its War of Independence, but the war bore a heavy cost: 1% of the total population died in the war. 

The Arab population of the Mandate territory also suffered as a result of the Arab refusal to accept the partition plan. Some 700,000 heeded their leaders' calls to flee or left after being caught up in the fighting. [NOT TO MENTION ISRAEL PSY-OPS WARFARE LIKE MASSACRING PEOPLE AT DEIR YESSIN and DENYING REFUGEES THE RIGHT TO RETURN] The large numbers who stayed in Israel became full citizens, with equal rights, while their brethren were kept by their Arab hosts in perpetual refugee status to serve as pawns in the political struggle against Israel.

Meanwhile, some 800,000 Jews were expelled from Arab countries, finding refuge and a new home in Israel. 

At war's end, Egypt had control of the Gaza Strip and Jordan annexed the West Bank. Neither saw fit to establish a Palestinian state in the territory they were to control for 19 years until the Six Day War of 1967.

Israel was admitted to the United Nations as a full member on May 11, 1949, and has been a fully democratic country with equal rights for all its citizens from its inception until today.

The relevance of R esolution 181 today

General Assembly Resolution 181 remains relevant even today for three key reasons:

• Resolution 181 confirmed the 1922 recognition by the international community that the Jewish people deserve their own state, a Jewish state, in their historical homeland.

• The resolution called for the establishment of two states for two peoples - Jewish and Arab - between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, each fulfilling the national aspirations of its respective populations. That formula remains Israel's position with regards to peace negotiations. Then as now, a Palestinian state can only be established through compromise and mutual recognition. [TOTALLY FALSE - NETANYAHU HAS ALWAYS SAID NO TWO-STATES before becoming Prime Minister in 1996, and according to New York Times Middle East Expert Tom Friedman, as far back as Netanyahu's days as a college student when he used to debate Arab student organizations. Then as now, Netanyahu claimed "normalization" with neighboring Arab countries would be possible while DENYING the Palestinians a state and while EITHER TRANSFERING Palestinians OUT of Palestining OR by MAINTAINING de facto permanent Apartheid (like ghetto-reservations established in the U.S. in Oklahoma and elsewhere for expelled/displaced Native Americans)]

• The refusal by the Arab population of the mandate territory to accept Resolution 181 demonstrated that they were not interested in establishing their own state if it meant allowing the existence of a Jewish state. This opposition to acknowledging the right of a Jewish state to exist still lies at the core of the conflict. 

Summary of the UN General Assembly vote on Resolution 181, 29 November 1947

Adopted at the 128th plenary meeting:

In favour: 33

Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussian S.S.R., Canada, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Iceland, Liberia, Luxemburg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Sweden, Ukrainian S.S.R., Union of South Africa, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Uruguay, Venezuela.

Against: 13

Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen.

Abstained: 10

Argentina, Chile, China, Colombia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mexico, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

Further reading:

UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (including audio of the vote)

From Mandate to Independence

The UN Partition Plan

The UN Partition Plan – Background, overview and maps

November 29, 1947: The story of a vote (video)

Confuse me with Facts – 1947 Partition Plan (Animated Video)

Who voted in favor of the UN's partition plan? (video)

Outburst follows UN vote (AP Newsreel)

1967aug21 JTA Round-the-clock Curfew Proclaimed in El Arish; Tension Subsides in Nablus, Bethlehem

August 21, 1967

 See Original Daily Bulletin From This Date

An around-the-clock curfew was in effect today in E1 Arish, the only major city in the Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula, after a general strike and demonstration by the city’s Arab residents against Israel. A search, now under way to find the inciters of the crippling shut-down, is reportedly concentrating on the 5,000 Egyptians living in the area.

At the same time, Israeli authorities persuaded the Arab Mayor of Nablus, in the occupied west bank section of the Jordan River, to reverse a decision on Friday to resign. They arrested 11 Arabs in Bethlehem who signed a declaration of loyalty to Jordan’s King Hussein.

Israel bans protests in Jerusalem

• Occupation officials in Old Jerusalem permitted yesterday the re-opening of four shops which were padlocked as a penalty for the participation of their Arab owners in a one day general strike in the Old City two weeks ago. An Arab-owned bus transport firm, which had its license revoked for the same reason, was allowed to resume operations. The Arab entrepreneurs expressed regret for their actions in a letter to the Israeli military commander.\

• Another meeting with well-known Arabs and merchants took place in the old section of Jerusalem at which the commander of the central front, Brig. Gavish issued a stern warning against repetition of the strike of two weeks ago which almost paralyzed the Old City, and against any other demonstrations of disobedience to the Israeli occupation.

El Arish Protests

• The demonstration in El Arish, on the peninsula’s northern coast, was the first since Israeli troops seized it in the June war. It was preceded by distribution of leaflets yesterday calling for a general strike. Arab merchants responded by refusing to open their shops. Other Arabs placed rocks to block the main street. An Egyptian flag was hoisted.

• Israeli security forces quickly removed the roadblocks and the flag and the military governor imposed a curfew which reportedly will remain in effect until the instigators of the demonstration and strike are found. A large number of Egyptians were trapped in El Arish when Israeli troops captured it and Egypt has refused to readmit them The strike and demonstration coincided with the arrival of a number of Israelis after El Arish was declared open for visitors with no permits required.

ISRAELI AUTHORITIES RELEASE ARAB NOTABLES ARRESTED IN BETHLEHEM

The arrested Bethlehem Arabs were freed yesterday after an investigation disclosed they had been forced to sign the loyalty statement under threat. They pledged not to participate anymore in anti-Israel subversive activities. They included a member of the Jordanian Parliament and three doctors. Their declaration had been broadcast last week over Amman Radio in a statement which gave the name of the signers.

Tension reportedly subsided in Nablus today after the discussions with the Mayor, who resigned during the weekend, ignoring a Jordanian regulation specifying that he was required to complete his term which ends on September 1. The resignation followed issuance of an Israeli occupation order extending indefinitely the tenure of all west bank Arab officials. All members of the Nablus Municipal Council resigned with the Mayor. He was persuaded to rescind his resignation and agreed to cooperate with the Israeli authorities, resuming his duties this morning.

PROTEST BY NABLUS TEACHERS

The occupation authorities also reported that teachers in Nablus, who had initially refused to accept Israeli salaries to continue teaching, also changed their minds. Nablus schools will open September 1 on schedule in Nablus at the same time that Israeli schools do.

NEWSPAPER BANNED

The Israeli semi-official Arab-language daily, “E1 Yaum,” was banned for distribution in the west bank area. No reason was given for the ban but it was believed that Israeli authorities objected to an article reporting illegal trade movements across the Jordan River between the west bank section and Jordan. Foreign correspondents in Jordan have been reporting that truckloads of West Bank farm produce have been moved across the River for weeks with both Israeli and Jordanian authorities tacitly ignoring the brisk trade.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/round-the-clock-curfew-proclaimed-in-ei-arish-tension-subsides-in-nablus-bethlehem>

 1967aug28 JTA - Israel Retaliates with Sharper Actions Against Arab Hostility in Occupied Territory

August 28, 1967

 See Original Daily Bulletin From This Date

Israeli authorities and military courts took sharp actions this weekend against Arab resisters in several of the areas occupied by Israel as a result of the Six-Day War, Various Arab groups forced Israel to retaliate against shootings, a strike in Gaza, and other increased hostile acts by Arabs.

In Gaza, yesterday, the military tribunal meted out jail sentences ranging from eight months’ imprisonment to 10 months against five prominent Arab merchants who conducted a strike there Friday night and yesterday. Additionally, the men were fined 1,500 Israeli pounds ($500) each.

The Gaza trouble flared after a group of Arab youngsters distributed leaflets claiming that an Israeli soldier had killed a resident of the town. What had happened, actually, was that a group of Arabs had attacked an Israeli soldier who had been forced to fire his rifle in self-defense. In the process of restoring order, three Arabs were wounded.

The Israeli military governor issued an order forbidding businessmen to close their stores. When some of them did shut down, they were arrested immediately and taken before the military court. Some of the youngsters who had distributed the leaflets were also tried and sentenced to jail terms.

At El Arish, in the northern Sinai, an Israeli military tribunal this weekend sentenced four local Arabs to two-year prison terms each for participating in an anti-Israeli demonstration. The four had confessed to having spread nails on highways leading into the city and on principal thoroughfares in El Arish, so that Israeli civilian and military motorcars had their tires punctured. Several of the Israeli cars had been damaged as a result of that action.

At Abu Dis, in occupied Jordanian territory east of Jerusalem, an Israeli border patrol including policemen and paratroopers drew fire from a sniper in an Arab house Friday. A little earlier, a Hebrew University student’s automobile had been fired upon at the same location. The student escaped uninjured, but three members of the patrol were wounded.

The Israelis fired back, wounded the sniper, then arrested the man’s father and a brother in the house. Finally, they blew up the house, and followed through by arresting six more Arabs and razing five more houses that had been centers of violent resistance. The village is on the west bank of the Jordan River and overlooks a principal highway to Jerusalem, just east of the capital.

ARAB RESISTERS IN EL ARISH RAISE EGYPTIAN FLAG; ERECT BARRICADES

The various incidents of Arab resistance, all the way from this capital city to various places in the occupied areas, were seen here today as signs of deterioration of the relations between the Israelis and the Arabs. There seemed to be two causes. One was that the Arabs are uneasy because they don’t know what Israel’s plans are in regard to the various occupied areas such as the west bank of the Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula or Gaza. The other factor is undoubtedly due to the inciting propaganda broadcast by the Egyptian and Jordanian radio transmissions beamed into the occupied areas.

During one of the Arab demonstrations at El Arish, the resisters were bold enough to hoist the Egyptian flag, which was promptly brought down by the Israeli troops there. Barriers had also been erected against Israeli troop movements in that area. Resistance seemed more subtle on the west bank. An Arab judge had refused to sit in his court, while Arab school teachers have announced they would not cooperate with the Israeli education authorities.

The reprisal actions taken by Israel in the last few days indicated that more stringent security measures may be necessary, some Israelis here said. On the other hand, some Israelis felt that clearer indications must be given of Israel’s future plans for the occupied areas.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-retaliates-with-sharper-actions-against-arab-hostility-in-occupied-territory>

1967aug29 JTA Curfew Lifted Fully in Jerusalem’s Old City; Military Patrols No Longer Seen

August 29, 1967

Curfew was lifted fully in the Eastern part of Jerusalem — in which the Old City is located — as from last night and for the first time since the Six–Day War ended in the unification of Jerusalem, the city returned to normal life.

Jews and Arabs crowded the principal streets in the Old City, patronizing shops and cafes, many of which remained open until midnight last night. Today, as last night, no army patrols were visible along the streets. East Jerusalem was no different than the former “New” Jerusalem. The city’s unification, as far as the civilian population was concerned, was one busy, normal metropolis.

The Cabinet decided yesterday to hold its annual Independence Day Parade, in 1968, in unified Jerusalem. The 1968 parade will celebrate the 20th anniversary of Israel’s rebirth. Until the Israel-Arab armistice agreements became defunct in June, due to the war, Israel was not allowed to bring heavy armaments into Jerusalem. However, in 1968, the plans are to make the parade the occasion for the largest display of ground and air force material Israel had ever shown publicly. Among other things, Israel will display large accumulations of weaponry captured from Egypt during the Six-Day War. Many of those arms were Russian-built.

NEWSPAPERS BANNED

A group of foreign Jewish social workers, most of them Americans, was told by Israeli military authorities at E1 Arish today that it will take at least three more months to sort out and rehabilitate the mass of weapons captured from the Egyptians in the Sinai Peninsula during the June war. The social workers toured the Sinai areas after having been in Jerusalem to attend the International Conference of Jewish Communal Services.

It was announced today that the war fought against the Arabs last June will be called officially, hereafter, “The Six-Day War.” A special decoration will be awarded to all regular and reserve units that fought in the war. The decoration will consist of a red-white-blue ribbon, with a sky-blue ribbon on each side. It was also announced that the decorations will be awarded at ceremonies to be held October 29, the anniversary of the opening of the Sinai campaign in 1956.

Four Arab civilians were injured near Gaza today, in the village of Jabaliya, when an automobile in which they were riding struck a mine. Israeli military authorities immediately imposed a curfew on the town, organizing a house-to-house search for saboteurs. Aside from that action outside Gaza, the city itself was quiet today.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/curfew-lifted-fully-in-jerusalems-old-city-military-patrols-no-longer-seen>

 1967aug28 JTA Israel Retaliates with Sharper Actions Against Arab Hostility in Occupied Territory

August 28, 1967

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-retaliates-with-sharper-actions-against-arab-hostility-in-occupied-territory

Israeli authorities and military courts took sharp actions this weekend against Arab resisters in several of the areas occupied by Israel as a result of the Six-Day War, Various Arab groups forced Israel to retaliate against shootings, a strike in Gaza, and other increased hostile acts by Arabs.

In Gaza, yesterday, the military tribunal meted out jail sentences ranging from eight months’ imprisonment to 10 months against five prominent Arab merchants who conducted a strike there Friday night and yesterday. Additionally, the men were fined 1,500 Israeli pounds ($500) each.

The Gaza trouble flared after a group of Arab youngsters distributed leaflets claiming that an Israeli soldier had killed a resident of the town. What had happened, actually, was that a group of Arabs had attacked an Israeli soldier who had been forced to fire his rifle in self-defense. In the process of restoring order, three Arabs were wounded.

The Israeli military governor issued an order forbidding businessmen to close their stores. When some of them did shut down, they were arrested immediately and taken before the military court. Some of the youngsters who had distributed the leaflets were also tried and sentenced to jail terms.

At El Arish, in the northern Sinai, an Israeli military tribunal this weekend sentenced four local Arabs to two-year prison terms each for participating in an anti-Israeli demonstration. The four had confessed to having spread nails on highways leading into the city and on principal thoroughfares in El Arish, so that Israeli civilian and military motorcars had their tires punctured. Several of the Israeli cars had been damaged as a result of that action.

At Abu Dis, in occupied Jordanian territory east of Jerusalem, an Israeli border patrol including policemen and paratroopers drew fire from a sniper in an Arab house Friday. A little earlier, a Hebrew University student’s automobile had been fired upon at the same location. The student escaped uninjured, but three members of the patrol were wounded.

The Israelis fired back, wounded the sniper, then arrested the man’s father and a brother in the house. Finally, they blew up the house, and followed through by arresting six more Arabs and razing five more houses that had been centers of violent resistance. The village is on the west bank of the Jordan River and overlooks a principal highway to Jerusalem, just east of the capital.

ARAB RESISTERS IN EL ARISH RAISE EGYPTIAN FLAG; ERECT BARRICADES

The various incidents of Arab resistance, all the way from this capital city to various places in the occupied areas, were seen here today as signs of deterioration of the relations between the Israelis and the Arabs. There seemed to be two causes. One was that the Arabs are uneasy because they don’t know what Israel’s plans are in regard to the various occupied areas such as the west bank of the Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula or Gaza. The other factor is undoubtedly due to the inciting propaganda broadcast by the Egyptian and Jordanian radio transmissions beamed into the occupied areas.

During one of the Arab demonstrations at El Arish, the resisters were bold enough to hoist the Egyptian flag, which was promptly brought down by the Israeli troops there. Barriers had also been erected against Israeli troop movements in that area. Resistance seemed more subtle on the west bank. An Arab judge had refused to sit in his court, while Arab school teachers have announced they would not cooperate with the Israeli education authorities.

The reprisal actions taken by Israel in the last few days indicated that more stringent security measures may be necessary, some Israelis here said. On the other hand, some Israelis felt that clearer indications must be given of Israel’s future plans for the occupied areas.

1969aug30 JTA 1967 War Cost Arabs $2.9 Billion, Israel’s Booty Made Up Her Losses, Russians Say

April 30, 1969

 See Original Daily Bulletin From This Date

The June, 1967 Six-Day War cost the Arab states $2.9 billion but Israel’s war costs, between $50 million and $60 million, were more than offset by booty in the form of war materiel worth some $2.4 billion, it was reported here by the London Jewish Chronicle.

The Arab losses were established by a Soviet investigating committee headed by Marshal Zacharov which tallied the loss of military equipment but not the cost of lost harbors, strongholds, oil fields, armaments factories, ships and other vessels. The Soviet findings, along with Israel’s war losses and gains, were published in “The Military Events in the Near East, June. 1967” put out by the West German publishing house of Bernhard and Graefe which specializes in works on military affairs.

According to the Soviet source, the Arabs lost 370 aircraft, 15 complete military bases, 84 communications stations, 12 guided missile positions, eight railway stations with 12 locomotives and 600 trucks loaded with arms, 700 tanks, 8,000 vehicles, 1,200 rifles and grenade launchers, 120,000 infantry weapons and 18 munitions depots.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/1967-war-cost-arabs-2-9-billion-israels-booty-made-up-her-losses-russians-say>

Arab-Israeli War of 1967

https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ea/97187.htm

On the morning of June 5, 1967, Israel launched a preemptive strike against Egyptian forces in response to Egypt's closing of the Straits of Tiran. By June 11, the conflict had come to include Jordan and Syria. As a result of this conflict, Israel gained control over the Sinai peninsula, the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. Israeli claims on these territories, and the question of the Palestinians stranded there, posed a long term challenge to Middle East diplomacy.

Since the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, the Israelis had clashed intermittently with Palestinian Arabs and Arab forces from the neighboring states. By the mid-1960s, these incidents intensified causing increased diplomatic tensions in the Middle East. On April 7, 1967 a skirmish on land turned into a major air battle during which Israel shot down six Syrian MiG aircraft over Mount Hermon on the Golan Heights. This led President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt immediately offered to assist Syria in the event of a future Israeli attack.

On May 13, Nasser received a secret message from the Soviet Union, which supplied both Egypt and Syria with weapons, informing him that Israel had massed troops on the Syrian border. Nasser took immediate steps to uphold his pledge to Syria. On May 14, he mobilized his army, and, three days later, he asked United Nations Secretary General U Thant to remove the United Nations Emergency Forces that had been stationed on the Sinai Peninsula since the end of the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956. The Secretary General agreed to a full withdrawal. Nasser then closed the Straits of Tiran on May 21 to all shipping both to and from Israel.

U.S. President Lyndon Johnson condemned the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran and tried to discourage a war while still supporting Israel. Although Arab nations believed that Johnson would support an Israeli military action, the United States did not want to be drawn into another armed conflict as it was already committed to fighting the Vietnam War. In a public address on May 23, President Johnson denied Egypt's right to interfere with the shipping rights of any nation in the Gulf of Aqaba and committed the United States to supporting the rights of all the nations in the region. He warned that the United States would oppose aggression by any state in the area but encouraged diplomatic negotiations.

By the end of May, despite diplomatic efforts, tensions continued to rise. The withdrawal of the United Nations forces from the Sinai, the redeployment of Egyptian troops to the Sinai, the massing of hostile forces on the Israeli border, and the signing of a Mutual Defense Pact between Egypt and Jordan on May 30, weakened U.S. efforts to dissuade Israel from taking military action. The war began on June 5, 1967, when Israeli airplanes attacked the Egyptian air force and destroyed many airfields. Between June 5 and June 11, Israeli Defense Forces led onslaughts against Egyptian forces in Sinai and Gaza, and against the Jordanian military in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. The conflict ended with significant battles against Syrian forces on the Golan Heights between June 9 and 10. By June 11, Israel controlled territory previously held by the Arabs in the Sinai, the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.

The United States and the Soviet Union did not intervene in this conflict and pledged that they would make every effort to end the fighting. Soviet and U.S. officials cooperated in the United Nations Security Council to broker cease-fire agreements.

Following the war, the issue of the return of Israel-occupied territories received most attention. U.S. President Johnson spoke out against any permanent change in the legal and political status of the Israeli-occupied territories and emphasized that Arab land should be returned only as part of an overall peace settlement that recognized Israel's right to exist. The principle of land for peace was embodied in United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 adopted in November 1967. Resolution 242 called for the Israeli withdrawal from the territories it had occupied following the 1967 war in exchange for peace with its neighbors. The land for peace formula served as the basis for future Middle East negotiations.

From <https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ea/97187.htm>

1967aug21 JTA Arab Repatriation from Jordan into Israeli-held Territory Started; 3,000 to Cross Daily

August 21, 1967

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/arab-repatriation-from-jordan-into-israeli-held-territory-started-3000-to-cross-daily>

About 2,000 Arabs crossed today from Jordan into the Israeli-held west bank of the Jordan River in the first major repatriation of Arab refugees to their homes in the Israeli occupied section. Beginning tomorrow, about 3,000 will be readmitted daily by Israel until the deadline of August 31, set by Israel.

Officials of the International Red Cross said that under that schedule, it would be impossible for all of the 170,000 refugees seeking to return to do so. The officials indicated that they had asked Israel to extend the deadline, perhaps to October 31.

The actual movement began on a small scale Friday when 344 of an expected 1,000 Arabs crossed the river at two points, the wrecked Allenby bridge and a smaller bridge farther north. They were assisted by Red Cross representatives. Repatriation movements were halted yesterday because of the Jewish Sabbath. Jordanian officials have asserted that 200,000 former west bank residents had registered to return. The refugees were taken by Israeli army trucks direct to their homes after being given food by the Israelis.

Applications have been getting a stringent security check, aimed at barring all convicted criminals, known or suspected agitators and Arabs of dubious character. One reason for the stringency, according to Israeli officials, has been a determined effort by Jordanian authorities to induce the refugees to return to occupied territory to be “thorns in the side of the aggressor.”

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/arab-repatriation-from-jordan-into-israeli-held-territory-started-3000-to-cross-daily>

1967aug22 JTA Israel Cabinet Decides Not to Extend Deadline for Arab Repatriation from Jordan

August 22, 1967

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-cabinet-decides-not-to-extend-deadline-for-arab-repatriation-from-jordan>

Israel’s Cabinet reaffirmed last night an earlier decision fixing August 31 as the deadline for the return of west bank repatriates to their homes from Jordan to which they fled in the June war. The Cabinet acted after hearing a statement from Foreign Minister Abba Eban that Israel had not received any official request for extension of the deadline.

Premier Levi Eshkol said the Government had already moved the deadline from August 10 to August 31 and that no further extension would be granted. The issue arose after International Red Cross officials told Israeli officials on Friday that it would be impossible to arrange for the return to the west bank of all refugees who have registered for repatriation by the August 31 deadline. Israeli officials expressed readiness to accept returnees at a daily rate of 3,000, but Jordanian officials have lagged far behind in arrangements for return of that number of refugees daily.

Crossings began today at 9 a.m. instead of 7 a.m. as Israeli officials had suggested. Officials here expressed doubt that the Jordanians will manage to bring to the Jordan River for crossing even the 3,000 agreed-upon number each day.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-cabinet-decides-not-to-extend-deadline-for-arab-repatriation-from-jordan>

1967aug23 JTA Israel Determined Not to Extend Deadline for Repatriation of Arabs; Notifies Jordan

August 23, 1967

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-determined-not-to-extend-deadline-for-repatriation-of-arabs-notifies-jordan>

Israel warned Jordan today that, under no circumstances, will Israel agree to extension of the August 31 deadline for the return of Arab refugees from the east bank of the Jordan River to the Israeli-held west bank. The August 31 deadline had been previously agreed upon between Israel and Jordan.

Israel’s stand on this issue was made known to Jordan at a meeting today of representatives of the two countries on the Allenby bridge across the river. Israel charged that, if no more refugees cross over by August 31, the fault will be that of the Jordanian Government.

Jordan’s authorities, Israel pointed out, still have 6,000 valid crossing permits which have not been used, and noted that 3,000 more permits have been forwarded to Jordan via Red Cross officials. So far, less than 5,000 refugees have crossed from the east side of the river to the west bank, during the five days the return operation has been in effect.

Israel also refused to permit the returnees to bring with them the three-month supply of food given them by the Jordanians, insisting she is capable of feeding the returnees with the help of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees. Israel reiterated its attitude about no extension of the August 31 deadline, asserting that subject cannot even serve as a subject for discussion.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-determined-not-to-extend-deadline-for-repatriation-of-arabs-notifies-jordan>

1967aug28 JTA U.S. and U.N. Urge Israel to Prolong Deadline for Repatriation of Arabs from Jordan - Jewish Telegraphic Agency

By Toni L. Kamins jta.org  August 28, 1967

The United States Department of State officially requested Israel this weekend to extend beyond August 31 the deadline for admitting Arab refugees who wished to return to the Israeli-held west bank of the Jordan River from Jordan, where they had fled during the June war. The request, in the name of Secretary of State Dean Rusk, was given to Israel’s Minister here, Ephraim Evron, by Eugene Rostow, the Under Secretary of State.

Mr. Evron replied that the Israeli Government had already extended the deadline for the return of the refugees, previously fixed at August 10. He noted that more than 10,000 applications from the would-be returnees, already approved by Israel, had still not been used. He also called Mr. Rostow’s attention to the incitements by the Jordanian Government, aimed at the would-be returnees and at those who had already come into the west bank area, stating that Israel was “extremely disturbed” by the Jordan Government’s actions in this regard.

(At the United Nations, Secretary-General U Thant this weekend handed a note to Israel’s envoy, Ambassador Gideon Rafael, appealing urgently to Israel, “on humanitarian grounds,” to extend the August 31 deadline. Stating that he was acting on his own initiative, Mr. Thant asked that “those who signified their desire to return be, in fact, given a reasonable opportunity to do so.”)

The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practices of the time they were published.

https://www.jta.org/archive/u-s-and-u-n-urge-israel-to-prolong-deadline-for-repatriation-of-arabs-from-jordan

1967aug28 jta Israel to Discontinue Issuing Repatriation Passes This Week

August 28, 1967

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-to-discontinue-issuing-repatriation-passes-this-week>

Israel will stop issuing passes for Arabs wishing to return to the west bank area from the Jordanian-held east bank after next Tuesday, it was announced here today, since the Jordanians already hold 10,000 unused return permits. After Tuesday, passes will be issued only in individual cases of Arabs seeking to rejoin their families already on the west bank.

Israel has repeatedly stated publicly that the August 31 deadline for the returnees would not be extended. The influx has been slow due to the fact that so many permits had not been used. For instance, last Friday, only 804 refugees sought return and were allowed to come in, although 3,000 had been expected.

One reason, it is believed, is that some of the Arabs on the east bank who had applied for return had been forced by Jordanian authorities to apply for permits. Others are believed to have been scared by the fact that Jordan itself had urged the would-be returnees to serve as a “thorn in Israel’s side,” and had no heart for return under such conditions.

From <https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-to-discontinue-issuing-repatriation-passes-this-week>

1967Aug25 CJFWF Mission End Study of Israeli Use of Special Aid - The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Fri, Aug 25, 1967 Page 8

The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle

Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Fri, Aug 25, 1967Page 8

JERUSALEM (JTA) A 17-member mission of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds completed a 10-day study of the use in Israel of emergency funds raised in the United States during and since the June crisis and war and of Israel's postwar problems and needs. 

Some of the mission's findings were given to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency by Louis J. Fox, CJFWF president and head of the mission, and Philip Bernstein, the CJFWF executive director. They stressed that after the exhilaration of the June victory, enormous tasks economically and socially remained to be resolved. 

Study Joblessness 

The mission studied the nature and causes of Israel's joblessness which has averaged more than 30,000 and hit especially younger Israeli workers.

The mission members visited about 30 development towns with a population of 250,000 newcomers whose needs, the two leaders said, comprised the bulk of the problems for which American Jewish funds are being used. Mission members met with Israel Government and Jewish Agency leaders, including Premier Levi Eshkol and Jewish Agency executive chairman A. L. Pincus. They discussed problems of providing education and vocational training for the newcomers and the need to coordinate services to them and to integrate the immigrants more fully into the surrounding urban areas.

They also discussed with the Israeli leaders means of preserving fund-raising at the high level of the emergency campaigns not only in the United States but also in Europe, South Africa and South American Jewish communities.

 Frankness Praised

Israeli leaders stressed to the American Jewish officials the primacy of contributions of free dollars. 

The CJFWF leaders in turn praised the frankness of the Israeli leaders who indicated they wanted not only funds but also advice, including counsel on ways of raising the levels of contributions within Israel itself.

 The mission examined the use to which the emergency funds were being put in agriculture, housing, higher education, vocational training, health and absorption.

 The mission members will report to the CJFWF Board of Directors in September and later to the CJFWF General Assembly which will be held in Cleveland in November.

Some members of the mission have left for the return trip to the United States.

Others remained in Israel for the current meeting of the World Jewish Communal Workers Conference in Jerusalem.

Analysis of the Six Day War, June 1967 – DTIC, Defense Technical Information Center (.mil)

https://apps.dtic.mil › sti › pdf › ADA146294

by CB Long · 1984 · Cited by 5 — Kotsch, W. J., Capt, USN. "The Six Day War of 1967," U.S. Naval Insti- tute Proceedings, Vol. 94, No. 6 (June 1968): pp 1984, 68 pages

Examines the Six Day War, the Arab-Israeli conflict of June 1967, for the purposes of highlighting applications/violations of the principles of war listed in AFM 1-1. Reviews the background of the Arab-Israeli problem and some major events leading up to the war. Provides a battle synopsis of the conflict including visual depictions of the battle progress. Analyzes the application/ violation of the principles of war by each side--Israeli and Arab. Provides some discussion questions in a guided discussion format for possible use in a seminar environment.

https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA146294.pdf

The Six-Day War of 1967

by Capt. W. J. Kotsch, USN , June 1968

Proceedings, Vol. 94/6/784

From <https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1968/june/six-day-war-1967>

[excerpt]

It was a leaping strategy; a series of visible, discrete steps, each dependent on the one that preceded it. Historians, then, may call it a “saltatorial, sequential strategy.” But, by any name, Israel's Defense Forces executed their moves with such assiduity, such finesse, and such impertinence as to astound even the non-Arab strategic and tactical experts.

Across the years and centuries ot great wars . and innumerable small border raids, across the bitter wastes and the few flowering valleys of the Middle East, who can really say when one war ends and another war be­gins? Who can say if the first blow of the six- day Arab-Israeli War of 1967 was a pre-dawn Egyptian mortar attack that set the wheat fields of a kibbutz aflame? Or who can say whether the “ghetto fear” of a new nation al­most completely surrounded by openly hostile Arab camps precipitated a pre-emptive attack by Israeli jets?

From <https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1968/june/six-day-war-1967>

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967

Six Days of War, June 5–10, 1967

From <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/ch2>

Home

Historical Documents

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967

Six Days of War, June 5–10, 1967

Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967

Prewar Crisis, May 15–June 4, 1967 (Documents 1–148)

Six Days of War, June 5–10, 1967 (Documents 149–262)

Postwar Diplomacy, June 11–September 30, 1967 (Documents 263–452)

UN Security Council Resolution 242, October 3–November 22, 1967 (Documents 453–542)

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From <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/ch2>

1956NOV18 | NYT REPORTS Fifty egyptians killed IN RIOTS IN RAFAH

U.N. AlDE·SAYS RIOT IN RAFAH KILLED 50

Published: November 18, 1956 | special to the new York times   PDF

TEl' AVIV, Israel, Nov. 17- Fifty Egyptians were killed in riots at Rafah earlier this week, a spokesman for a United Nations agency said today.

The Israeli 'Military Governor of the Gaza Strip, Lieut. Col. Haim Gaon, had said that the riots resulted in the death of at least eleven Egyptians and thewounding of at least twenty-five.

The military authorities did not explain why reports on the rioting had been withheld from the press for four days. Information was released by the Israelis after news of the riots had leaked out from sources in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency.

A United Nations spokesman put the number of dead as high as fifty.

 According to the Israeli version the riots, broke out last Monday after Israeli guards had been withdrawn from a United Nations food warehouse in Rafah. The refugees, believing the Israelis had withdrawn, became panicky and about 5,000 rushed the warehouse. According to the Israelis, the looting was stopped when a new detail of troops arrived to take over guarding the food stores.

Colonel Gaon said today the shooting had resulted when a number of Egyptian soldiers tried to escape.

The United Nations agency's version of the shooting was that the troops tried to stop the looters by firing over their heads and then fired into the throng.

Israel imposes night curfew in Arab-Jewish city amid riots

Source: Xinhua| 2021-05-13 01:52:10|Editor: huaxia

An Israeli firefighter works near a burning police car in Lod, central Israel, on May 12, 2021. Israeli police announced on Wednesday that a night curfew will be imposed in Lod, where clashes between Arabs and Jews have been spiraling for days. (Photo by Muammar Awad/Xinhua)

JERUSALEM, May 12 (Xinhua) -- Israeli police announced on Wednesday that a night curfew will be imposed in the central city of Lod, where clashes between Arabs and Jews have been spiralling for days.

The curfew in Lod, an Arab-Jewish city east of Tel Aviv, comes a day after Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced a special state of emergency in the city in the wake of days of riots.

"A strategic decision" was made that people will have to stay at home between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m., police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said in a statement.

Under the curfew, residents will have to stay in their homes, except for seeking medical care or shelter during rocket attacks amid the current fighting between Israel and militant groups in the Gaza Strip. The maximum penalty for violating the curfew is three years in prison.

Mayor of Lod Yair Revivo issued a statement, urging residents to stay indoors to "achieve calm and start the process of restoring order in the city."

Clashes also erupted in other cities where Jews and Arabs live alongside, such as the northern city of Acre and the central city of Ramleh.

Earlier in the day, Netanyahu attended a police situation assessment in Acre. He said in a statement that Israel is "in a fight on several fronts," referring to fighting against Gaza's ruler Hamas and the riots in Israeli cities.

He denounced the violence as "anarchy," saying it is "intolerable." On Tuesday night, Netanyahu and Defense Minister Benny Gantz ordered paramilitary Border Police units be brought from the Israeli-occupied West Bank to Lod, Acre and other places.

On Tuesday, a funeral of an Arab man who was shot dead by a Jewish gunman turned into clashes between thousands of Arabs and police forces. In the night, synagogues, a mosque, shops and dozens of cars were torched, according to reports of Israel's state-owned Kan TV news. Enditem

From <http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/13/c_139941754.htm>

Opinion | Recalling An Ugly Time

Bob Herbert nytimes.com

Feb. 24, 2003

A new book published by the Institute for Democracy Studies in New York -- ''The Assault on Diversity: An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice,'' by Lee Cokorinos -- documents in exceptional detail this nationwide effort to roll back a proud half-century of progress toward social justice and a more inclusive society.

Sometimes it helps to take a look back and see just how far we've come.

In a response to the Brown v. Board of Education decision ordering the nation's public schools desegregated, William F. Buckley Jr.'s guidebook to conservative thought, National Review, declared the following in the summer of 1957:

''The central question that emerges -- and it is not a parliamentary question or a question that is answered by merely consulting a catalogue of rights of American citizens, born Equal -- is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes -- the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, it is the advanced race. . . .

''National Review believes that the South's premises are correct. If the majority wills what is socially atavistic, then to thwart the majority may be, though undemocratic, enlightened. . . . Universal suffrage is not the beginning of wisdom or the beginning of freedom.''

In those days blacks were frozen out of the mainstream of American life, routinely turned (or shoved) away not just from public schools, but from hotels, restaurants and movie theaters, from department stores and soda fountains, from most trades and professions, from polling booths and hospitals, from even the semblance of a shot at equal opportunity.

To be black was to be condemned to an environment of perpetual humiliation. My father swallowed his journalistic aspirations and lived out his life as an upholsterer. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., cruelly harassed to the very end, was widely derided as ''Martin Luther Coon.''

That was not so long ago. So in some sense it's remarkable that by the end of the 20th century so many battles against racism had been won and a broad national consensus in favor of a more tolerant, more inclusive society had been reached.

The task now, in the 21st century, is to build on those victories and that consensus. Which brings us to affirmative action.

A glance at the current challenges to affirmative action in higher education would show little more than the fact that a number of white applicants have asserted in court that they were illegally denied admission to college or law school because of preferences given to racial or ethnic minorities.

That is their right and they have the support of many principled people.

A closer look at these challenges, however, would show that they are largely being driven by a huge, complex and extraordinarily well-financed web of conservative and right-wing organizations that in many cases are hostile not just to affirmative action but to the very idea of a multiracial, pluralistic America.

A new book published by the Institute for Democracy Studies in New York -- ''The Assault on Diversity: An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice,'' by Lee Cokorinos -- documents in exceptional detail this nationwide effort to roll back a proud half-century of progress toward social justice and a more inclusive society.

The driving force behind the Michigan University cases, for example, is the Center for Individual Rights, a right-wing outfit that in its early years, as Mr. Cokorinos noted, received financial support from the Pioneer Fund, an organization that spent decades pushing the notion that whites are genetically superior to blacks.

We need to see this picture more clearly. There's a reason why so many mainstream individuals and groups, and some of the nation's largest corporations, have filed briefs with the Supreme Court in support of Michigan's effort to save its affirmative-action programs. The United States is a better place after a half-century of racial progress and improved educational opportunities for racial and ethnic minorities, and women.

We have all benefited, and voluntary efforts to continue that progress, including the policies at Michigan, are in the interest of us all.

Justice Lewis Powell, who wrote the controlling opinion in the Bakke case in 1978, eloquently addressed the matter of campus diversity when he said that ''a robust exchange of ideas'' is of ''transcendent value to us all.''

An unchallenged right-wing war against the very idea of diversity will turn us back in the direction of the noxious beliefs spewed out by National Review in 1957.

A version of this article appears in print on Feb. 24, 2003, Section A, Page 17 of the National edition with the headline: Recalling An Ugly Time. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe

https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/opinion/recalling-an-ugly-time.html